All appeals are dismissed.

The Defendants’ grounds of appeal are examined together (to the extent of supplement in case of supplemental appellate briefs not timely filed by Defendant A).

The judgment below

Examining the reasoning in light of the evidence duly adopted by the court below and the first instance court, the court below was just in finding the Defendants guilty of violation of the Medical Service Act relating to the establishment of medical institutions by non-medical personnel among the facts charged in the instant case on the grounds stated in its reasoning. Contrary to the allegations in the grounds of appeal, the court below did not err by failing to exhaust all necessary deliberations and misapprehending the legal principles as to the violation of the Medical Service Act related to the establishment of medical institutions by non-medical personnel, or by misapprehending the legal principles as to the credibility of statements by witnesses and the degree of proof necessary for the recognition of criminal facts.

Therefore, all appeals are dismissed. It is so decided as per Disposition by the assent of all participating Justices on the bench.